What is Creativity Anyway?

I started Creating Brains.com because I needed to read it.  I have always thought of myself as creative but through years of having little children underfoot and family-size to-do lists my creative energy shrunk.  Still I read widely and went to graduate school. Then one sunny afternoon in May my oldest daughter died suddenly and cosmic entropy ensued.  Several years later I had to admit I was no longer creative.  How could I be? I could not even remember my last novel thought.  One dark night while in the hospital expecting my last child I began this blog. I read and wrote about Creativity every day for one year.  I poured-through Applied Creativity, Biography, History, Neuroscience, Creativity Theory and insights from contemporary highly Creative people on how to live the Creative Life—from Scientists, Architects, Writers and Humanitarians.  Along the way I tinkered with practicable plans to recover for myself and my still-young children what I once thought core to human nature– the capacity to Create beyond biology.

The first book I read and claim (after reading hundreds of books on and around this topic) as my favorite, Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi’s  Creativitysupplied the original working definition for this blog. Csikszentmihalyi defines Creativity as follows:

Creativity is any act, idea, or product that changes an existing domain, or that transforms an existing domain into a new one.

And,

The definition of a creative person is:  someone whose thoughts or actions change a domain, or establish a new domain…a domain cannot be changed without explicit or implicit consent of a field responsible for it.

Not everyone will agree with Csikszentmihalyi’s definition, of course, but I love it most because it inspires as well as defines.  Others have tried to define Creativity.  Check out some of my favorite attempts below:

  • Any act, idea, or product that changes an existing domain, or that transforms an existing domain into a new one with explicit or implicit consent of the field responsible for it. (Used by M. Csikszentmihalyi)
  • Makings things from scratch. (Used by Twyla Tharp– choreographer)
  • Building on and with the works of others. (If I have seen further, it is only because I stand on the shoulders of giants.– Isaac Newton). 
  • Self-expression with no editing. (Expressing with precision all the gold sparks the soul gives off. –Joan Miro, painter)

So what is Creativity then?  Is it an effect?  Is it a cause?  And why must we (still) define it anyway?

I’ll start with my last question.  Creativity must be defined and the definition must be accepted as standard so the topic may be studied scientifically rather than philosophically.  Sixty years ago historians wondered how to improve the study of history.  History was still a discipline of philosophy at the time– inexact, subjective. It lacked scientific definition and definitiveness. This is no longer the case.  Twenty-first century historians work governed by academic definitions and parameters, more science-like than philosophical. There are down-sides to definitiveness for sure. But the study of History has progressed like never before since this transition began in the late 1970′s.  The study of Creativity would benefit from a similar transition.  The Science of Creativity is becoming more, well, scientific.  With hi-tech research tools–  fMRIs and EEGs, scientists hone in on the particulars of the Creative process.  But a general, universally accepted, definition of Creativity is still at large. Eventually we’ll want to unite all we know about Creativity from history, psychology, philosophy, neuroscience and more but for now a definition seems the next crucial step.

Am I right?  Let me know what you think.

And now back to my first question– What is Creativity after all?  Do you agree with Csikszentmihalyi or Miro?

Do you have a definition to contribute?  (If yes, write a new definition in the comments section below).

I love comments! I can’t wait to read what you think.

*Note:  I play with my children, work on a book-length project, teach college History and am about to return to grad school to complete my PhD in Early Modern European History so I do not post on Creating Brains.com very often these days.  Still, the topic of Creativity fascinates me — I will be back and more often soon (or at least sort-of-soon).

Twelve Great Literary Ladies, Twelve Valuable Lessons for the Writing Life– Guest Post by Nava Atlas

This wonderful piece first appeared a few days ago on SheWrites.com.  Nava Atlas has kindly agreed to this re-post on Creating Brains. Enjoy!

Learning how to stay disciplined, grappling with doubt, failure, and rejection, finding one’s voice, struggling to stay solvent—we’ve all dealt with these issues. It’s comforting to know that Charlotte Brontë, George Sand, Louisa May Alcott, and others did, as well. But in the end, it’s not so much about experiencing these obstacles that matters, but overcoming them. The twelve authors I focus on in my new book, The Literary Ladies’ Guide to the Writing Life, did just that, with much grace and determination.

In this book, the writing life is explored through the experiences of these classic women authors. Delving into their letters, journals, and memoirs, I found certain challenges were just as universal among those who eventually became literary icons as they are among today’s writing women, whether seasoned or aspiring. Here are twelve snippets of wisdom I gleaned from each of the Literary Ladies I’ve grown to know and admire:

Don’t be overly modest. In popular imagination, Jane Austen is a demure, frilly cap-wearing artiste, hiding her writing efforts under a blotter. In truth, her family recognized her talent and were invested in seeing her work in print, as was she. Austen was as keen on enjoying monetary rewards and finding an audience as the next writer—male or female. “I cannot help hoping many will feel themselves obliged to buy it,” she said of Sense and Sensibility. Of her most iconic female character, Elizabeth Bennett, she wrote, “how I shall be able to tolerate those who do not like her…I do not know.” Perhaps we ascribe false modesty to our literary role models to feel better about our own.

Honor the money you earn by writing. Louisa May Alcott was determined to make a living as a writer at a time when it was challenging enough for women to earn a living wage. She accounted for every penny earned and spent, and always tried to save for a rainy day. Once she became wealthy, after decades of toil, she wrote that she found her “best success in the comfort my family enjoy; also a naughty satisfaction in proving that it was better not to ‘stick to teaching’ as advised, but to write.”

Don’t sit idly by while your manuscript is being submitted. Keep working, like Charlotte Brontê did, as her unsuccessful first novel, The Professor, made its rounds. What she busied herself with was Jane Eyre, which found favor quickly and was an immediate sensation upon publication. Fortunately, she didn’t allow the “chill of despair” that set into her heart when her first effort “found acceptance nowhere, nor any acknowledgment of merit” quash her dreams of becoming an author. The Professor was published only after her death.

The only way to find your true voice is to write, write, and write some more. Willa Cather accepted that beginning writers, herself included, go through a stage of florid, overwrought excess. And the only thing to do is “to work off the ‘fine writing’ stage…I knew even then it was a crime to write like I did.” The only remedy is to “write whole books of extravagant language to get it out.” What you’re left with, once you’re no longer “smothered in your own florescence” is your own sharp, true voice and vision.

Guard your time jealously. Especially when we’re working on something that isn’t yet earning money, it’s easy to let ourselves off the hook and say yes to every request and any invitation that comes our way. But if you don’t value your writing time, others won’t either. Edna Ferber was a model of self-discipline. Heed her advice: “The first lesson to be learned by a writer is to be able to say, ‘Thanks so much. I’d love to, but I can’t. I’m working.’”

You can’t grow as a writer without taking risks. Madeleine L’Engle observed that “We are encouraged only to do that which we can be successful in.” How true for so many women, who don’t want to risk failure, to be anything other than good girls and A students. But L’Engle reminds us that “Risk is essential. It’s scary…Writers will never do anything beyond the first thing unless they risk growing.”

Keep rejection to yourself and don’t let it stop you. L.M. Montgomery experienced her fair share of rejection before the success of Anne of Green Gables: “At first I used to feel dreadfully hurt when a story or poem…came back, with one of those icy little rejection slips. But after a while I got hardened to it and did not mind. I only set my teeth and said, ‘I will succeed.’” Montgomery didn’t feel that she needed to share her “rebuffs and discouragements” with the world, but was determined to just keep putting one foot in front of the other.

Don’t be afraid that you’ll run out of things to say. Anaïs Nin recognized that within the fervent writer, there is an endless supply of material, if you allow yourself to go there: “The deeper I plunge, the more I discover. There is…no limit to the acrobatic feats of my imagination.” Brenda Ueland, author of the 1934 classic If You Want to be a Writer concurred: “If you are to be a writer who writes, you will never be finished…always there will be something more to write.”

Be passionate about writing—and living. Why do women live and write in such measured ways? George Sand wrote more than seventy novels, plus scores of plays, essays, and articles, all the while enjoying scads of lovers, traveling, and cross-dressing. She was a conflicted mother, but a doting grandmother. She never did anything by halves, in life or art: “I have a purpose in view, a task before me, and, if I may use the word, a passion.” Let’s all use that word more often.

Daily life is difficult, filled with disruptions, and occasional tragedy. Write anyway. Harriet Beecher Stowe  lost four of her seven children at various stages of her life; despite crushing grief, writing apparently kept her sane, and definitely kept her family solvent. Though she bemoaned constant daily disruptions, she vowed to write a book that would change the world. This she did by devoting “about three hours per day in writing … I have determined not to be a mere domestic slave…” The book that shook the status quo, of course, was Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

Don’t let lack of confidence stop you from writing. Edith Wharton struggled with lack of self-confidence, believing she would never be taken seriously in literary circles. She started by writing nonfiction, then tiptoed into short stories, always amazed by the doors opening to her. “My long experimenting had resulted in two or three books which brought me more encouragement than I had ever dreamed of obtaining,” she wrote. In her early days as a writer, little could she have imagined that Henry James would become one of her BFFs, valuing her friendship and correspondence as much as she did his.

Embrace the inner critic. Virginia Woolf’s inner critic was active and noisy. She allowed her doubts to bubble to the surface in her journal, but they drove her to do better, rather than crush her spirit. In one paragraph she mocked her own writing, “The thing now reads thin and pointless; the words scarcely dint the paper.” A few sentences later, she says, “…I am about to write something good; something rich and deep and fluent…” Similarly, when experiencing self-doubt, many of the other Literary Ladies let the inner critic urge them to do better. Inspired by the Literary Ladies, I’ve come to think of my inner critic as a wise editor or an honest friend who won’t let me do less than the very best I can at the moment.

Visit The Literary Ladies’ Guide to the Writing Life online.

Hee! Hee!–Freud Slipped With Piaget

One of the best things about having young children is that they think your jokes are funny. This morning, my two-year-old needed help getting out of the bathtub. I held out a clean towel for her to step into, wrapped her up and set her on the bath-rug. I watched her dress–undershirt first, then flowery cotton dress.  She then stood smiling with feet apart and hands on her hips. I smiled back and said,

Look at you!  You can dress yourself!

She stayed put for three seconds.  Suddenly, she raised her eyebrows and said,

Oops!  I forgot my panties!

She searched the area.  Then looked to me for help.

Where are they?  Where are my panties?

I shrugged and whispered as if telling her a secret,

I think they are hiding!

She burst out laughing. We both melted into giggles at the slightest hint of silliness for an entire hour.

A stand-up comedian friend of mine once said,

Humor is the highest expression of human intelligence.

This assertion seems a bit of a stretch, but it isn’t too far off.  The fact that my two-year-old gets my little jokes means she can tell the difference between imagination and reality–surely this is a sign of at least budding intelligence.

Although most cognitive psychologists today would agree with me, this flies in the face of what Jean Piaget and Sigmund Freud believed about children’s cognitive abilities. Both believed children produced so much fantastic, unreal play because they couldn’t tell the difference between imagination and reality. Cognitive psychologist Alison Gopnick says,

The picture we used to have of children was that they spent all of this time doing pretend play because they had these very limited minds, but in fact what we’ve now discovered is that children have more powerful learning abilities than we do as adults. A lot of their characteristic traits, like their pretend play, are signs of how powerful their imaginative abilities are.

One of the most respected philosophers on Creativity, Arthur Koestler, believed the moment you get a joke is a crucible between higher intelligence and lower reflexes. In his 1964 book The Act of Creation, he says,

Humour [sic] is the only domain of creative activity where a stimulus on a high level of complexity produces a massive and sharply defined response on the level of physiological reflexes.

My joke anthropomorphizing my daughter’s panties was far from brilliant. It was almost reflexive.   I didn’t think about it.  It popped into my head and I said it. But if not a measure of my intelligence, my daughter’s reaction to it proved she’s smarter than Sigmund Freud or Jean Piaget would have thought–and that is just plain cool.

Creativity Thrives with Live Connections

My 6th month old often lays still, as dawn comes, gazing out the window or studying the woven wicker patterns of her bassinet.  I leave her in peace until the moment her eyes begin searching, darting around like a pinball in slow motion. Then, I appear to catch her sparkling eyes.  We look at each other in the eye for a tiny moment that hangs full with meaning.  I smile.  She smiles. Her toothless grin controls her fingers and shoulders and even her neck. Every part of her seems to tingle to meet me, the person who loves her best. She wants me and I want her, and so our day begins in joy.

Humans need each other. Evolutionary biologist Matt Ridley says,

We are unable to live without each other. Even on a practical level, it is probably a million years since any human being was entirely and convincingly self-sufficient: able to survive without trading his skills for those of his fellow humans.

Highly Creative people build on the ideas of others.  Once brilliance hits you and you Create, you still need others to polish off your gem. Creative-types living near brilliant people and shooting debris with Creative friends are more likely to change the world for the better. Creative ideas cannot thrive in isolation.

Today, we forge virtual connections with a single click. Although our hyper-connected world will water Creativity’s terrain in the darkest, least Creative places of the Earth, real-life connection is still best for High Creativity.

Like babies, Creative ideas need live people to live.

Marketing for Creatives

My 8 yr. old is writing a letter to some yet unidentified, very important, person at the Lego Company in Denmark. He seeks a specific position as a research and development kid intern.  He knows he would be a fabulously creative Lego designer.  He knows the Lego Co. needs child designers to press full-forward to bigger, better toys in the future.  But my son hesitates,  he’s uncomfortable selling himself.  He reads what he’s already written out-loud and sighs. He says,

I want to say that I already have many ideas for new products and I already have detailed instructions for different projects in my head, but, this is all about me, me, me.

He pauses to think.

How about we hire somebody to kidnap a current Lego Designer, so a spot opens up and then I just take his place.

Highly Creative people often hate selling themselves. Scott Belsky, founder of Behance says,

Creatives, in particular, are often guilty of leaping into new projects with a “built it and they will come”  attitude that priviledges notions of undeniable genius over the effectiveness of smart marketing.

Sara Horowitz, founder of Freelancers Union says,

Marketing should not be seen as fake.  At its best, marketing is building relationships–and learning.

Belsky agrees.  He says,

When you go to lunch with people, when you ask for feedback and develop a relationship based on mutual exchange of information, it is optimized marketing.

You’re valuing the process of getting to know someone, learning something new, and in the process, familiarizing them with your capabilities.Self-marketing…is akin to cross-pollination. You have the opportunity to communicate your objectives by seeking to understand those of others.

My boy may need to put his pencil down and find a way to make a friend at the Lego company first.  He’s very sociable and good at making new friends.  But Denmark is on the other side of the Earth, so we’ll be logging time online this week,  this month, or however long it takes, before we buy plane tickets to Billund.

His letter is now finished.  He doesn’t know I’ll soon suggest a re-write jam-packed with poignant questions and brilliant suggestions, sent by mail, with no strings attached to betray dreams.

Creativity’s Terrain, Part 7: Write to Express Ideas & Find Your Place in the World

You have less control over your environment and the environment in which your children grow than you think. The variables are infinite. For two weeks I’m writing about Creativity’s Terrain and the variables you can control. Yesterday I wrote about the value of Reading, a lot.

If you would not be forgotten as soon as you are dead, either write something worth reading or do things worth writing. -Benjamin Franklin

Highly Creative people write.

Martha Graham, mother of Contemporary Dance, wrote draft, after draft, late into a thousand nights to translate her ideas into human movement. Graham said,

I did not want to be a tree, a flower or a wave. In a dancer’s body, we as audience must see ourselves, not the imitated behavior of everyday actions, not the phenomenon of nature, not exotic creatures from another planet, but something of the miracle that is a human being.

Architect Christopher Alexander wrote many books, including The Order of Nature series, to empower future designers, both professional and amateur, to create work inspired by true human needs.

Nobel laureate Neurologist, Rita Levi-Montalcini published dozens of scholarly articles detailing her discovery of human Nerve Growth Factor, as well as In Praise of Imperfection, her autobiography.

Across domains, Highly Creative people communicate their ideas through the written word. They also write to understand their own ideas. Playwright, Joan Didion says,

I write entirely to find out what I’m thinking, what I’m looking at, what I see and what it means.  What I want and what I fear.

American writer, Ernest Hemingway said,

There is nothing to writing. All you do is sit down at a typewriter and bleed.

Creator and mentor to Artists across disciplines, Julia Cameron, recommends keeping a large notepad and paper by your bed to write as soon as you wake up, everyday.  She says,

In order to find our creativity–or for that matter, our spirituality–we must begin where we are.

Cameron recommends using writing as a compass. She says,

The tool that best helps us find our spiritual bearings is called Morning Pages…

Morning Pages are three pages of longhand stream of consciousness that locate us precisely in the here and now.  They are written first thing upon awakening and they tell us–and the Universe–what we like, what we don’t like, what we wish we had more of, and what we wish we had less of, and what we wish, period.

So, write to find where you are and what you need to be Creative. And write to explain yourself and your ideas to the world.  But, write.

Creativity’s Terrain, Part 6: Read, alot.

You have less control over your environment and the environment in which your children grow than you think. The variables are infinite. For two weeks I’m writing about Creativity’s Terrain and the variables you can control. Yesterday I wrote about the Value of Solitude for Children.

My car swerved, ever-so-slightly, towards The Neurosciences Institute as I drove by this morning. I’d love to chat with Nobel laureate Gerald Edelman about how consciousness really works.  But my race car’s full of children and we’re headed to art classes.  I may not get to speak to Dr.Edelman today, or in the foreseeable future. But I can read his books and mix my own memories and ideas with his.

Eighteenth-Century philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau said,

I hate books; they only teach us to talk about things we know nothing about.

That is precisely why books foster Creativity. A book gives unlimited access to the mind of another.

Rousseau was right in that, when you read, you learn to talk of things you could not have in the past. But he was also wrong, because when you read, you learn. Another French philosopher, Ernest Renan had it right. He said,

The simplest schoolboy is now familiar with truths for which Archimedes would have sacrificed his life.

Highly Creative people revel in ideas.  Read and read some more, because books are the bed on which ideas mate.

Lifting to Disturb

At the bottom of every syllabus for the undergraduate History courses I teach is the small print. The gist of it:

Plagiarism will get you booted out of college in disgrace scraping you off the bottom of an intellectual world that will never-more be yours.  Do not copy, ever.

I include the small print, because it is University policy. I must abide.  But,  Highly Creative people must copy from others.  It is the way humans learn almost anything.  At least 85% of what I tell my students from up front I’ve collected, in tiny morsels, from the work of others.  I’m like a baby bird in the nest, mouth open, waiting for a juicy bit of truth from another Historian out there, who brings it to me in book form.

I tell my students  how  long ago, Carlos Bulosan got punched in California blueberry fields for being Filipino. My students digest this.  They keep the good parts, whatever raises their Oxytocin levels, for good or ill, and forget the rest.  They eat ideas to spit them out someplace, some time, and the ideas see the light of day once more, somewhere, sometime.

Still, digestion is key.  Cutting and pasting from WikiPedia just won’t do.  Something must be added to the pile of words that make up principles and facts.

Highly creative people, have always copied.  But, it’s lifting, without disturbing, that is wrong.  It’s like passing off someone else’s child as your own.  Your own child took work and time and may end up looking a lot like your sister, but he’s yours.  You know this, because you bled through labor and saw his perfect head come through your Self.

The Self of Creativity is imagination. The ideas of others have to pass through your imagination.  Then they are yours to keep and watch grow or give away at will.

Poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge said,

A poet ought not to pick nature’s pocket. Let him borrow, and so borrow as to repay by the very act of borrowing. Examine nature accurately, but write from recollection, and trust more to the imagination than the memory.

So, my students will read the small print.  And, I will tell them to do as Benjamin Franklin did.  Read.  Digest.  Imagine a bit, too. Then write what you think you read and compare with the original.  At least you’ll learn to write better.  That growth, no matter how small, eclipses the abhorrent laziness clean-cut plagiarism implies.

Planning for August

This morning I’m working with three of my children, individually, to determine their schedule for the rest of the summer.  I will ask each the following three questions to start:

  • What would you like to learn to do?
  • What would you like to see? Or visit?
  • What do you want to get better at?

The questions may be a little vague, but I’ll adjust and clarify them as needed.  Each conversation will be a two-way exchange.

Then we’ll make a card for each project with detailed steps, similar to my cards,  for each of them to follow.  I’ll also add items, in step form, to my cards.

I’ll let you know how it goes.

Read more about… Creativity by Projects.

Idea-Sharing is Good

Highly creative people work alone to master a domain. But, not all the time.  Some of the time they hang-out with key people and in key communities. Creators don’t hoard ideas. They know ideas fertilize in the rich soil of human exchange. Less productive creative-types often fear throwing an idea out to the wind.  But, to hold an idea within one person alone, no matter how life-changing it could be, is to bury it. Founder and CEO of Behance, Scott Belsky, says,

The process of creation is deeply consuming and lined with narcissism. We fall in love with our ideas and become both certain and protective…we become less receptive to criticism, and our ideas stagnate in isolation.

As we share our ideas with our communities, we receive feedback and support.  We may also encourage competitors, who may, at first, scare us, but who will ultimately serve to make us work harder.

For several weeks, last Spring, I rocked my premature baby sitting  in a worn-out glider-chair at UCSD Medical Center. I sang to her, chatted up the nurses and listened to doctors rounding.  In the words of one nurse,

The place is a zoo.

The facility is crowded. Nurses, attending physicians, fellows, medical students, residents, social workers, lactation specialists, respiratory therapists, ophthalmologists and volunteers work together in close quarters.  Everyone can hear when a nurse talks about the fabulous Caribbean Cruise she just returned from. But everyone can also hear a physician-attending suggesting research topics to the fellow shadowing her or the two nurses discussing  an infant respiration monitoring study they are working on.  The constant idea exchange uninhibited even the highly introverted.

Exchange, whether of ideas, recipes, or products, fuels human creativity.

Today’s Brain Candy:

Biologist Matt Ridley, spoke at TED Oxford recently about the upward mobility of human creativity, from pre-history to the future.  Enjoy below:

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